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Sistemas de bombeo de velocidad variable: ¿En verdad ahorran energía?

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Hoy en día se habla mucho sobre los sistemas de velocidad variable. Los encontramos en una infinidad de aplicaciones: aires acondicionados, lavadoras, refrigeradores, compresores, y por supuesto, en bombas de agua. Pero ¿en realidad ahorran energía o son solo una tomada de pelo? Para poder responder esta pregunta es necesario entender qué significa variar la velocidad y cómo afecta esto los diferentes sistemas.


Lo primero que debemos entender es que los sistemas de velocidad variable aplican única y exclusivamente a los sistemas donde esté involucrado un motor eléctrico. Compresores, refrigeradores, aires acondicionados, todos llevan un motor que es el encargado de convertir la energía eléctrica en energía mecánica rotativa para poder realizar un trabajo. En el caso específico de las bombas centrífugas de agua esa energía mecánica mueve el agua por medio de un impulsor, que toma el líquido y lo centrifuga para generar su desplazamiento. Evidentemente la velocidad a la que gire el motor tiene un efecto directo sobre el flujo que produce el impulsor y la presión que genera, y, por supuesto, la potencia requerida para realizar el trabajo. Esta relación entre velocidad, potencia, flujo y presión está descrita en las leyes de afinidad.


Para entender mas claramente como se ve afectado el trabajo de una bomba al variar su velocidad vamos a plantear el siguiente ejemplo:


Supongamos que vamos a alimentar un sistema que requiere una presión constante de 5 Bar, pero su consumo de agua puede variar mucho durante la operación, consumiendo un mínimo de 100 litros por minuto y un máximo de 500 litros por minuto. El dimensionamiento de la bomba siempre dependerá de su punto de operación máximo, que sería 500 lpm @ 5 Bar, y corresponde a una bomba aproximadamente de 10 HP, que consume 7 kW en este punto de operación. Esta misma bomba, al girarla al 78% de su velocidad nos puede entregar 100 lpm a los mismos 5 Bar de presión, sin embargo, el consumo energético cae drásticamente, consumiendo 2.4 kW aproximadamente, casi 65% menos energía que en el punto de operación máximo. En este caso se observa un gran ahorro de energía, pero no significa que en todos los sistemas sea recomendable usar velocidad variable. Cuando la aplicación no requiere de una variación fuerte de flujo basta con elegir la bomba correcta para ese punto de operación en específico.


Pero entonces, ¿cómo distinguir cuando la velocidad variable es una inversión o un gasto innecesario? Siempre se debe analizar cada caso en específico, pero en términos generales es el patrón de consumo de agua el que nos va a indicar si la implementación de un sistema de velocidad variable es una inversión o un gasto. Cuando el flujo varía mucho normalmente es el indicador principal de que un sistema debe llevar velocidad variable, pero además hay que revisar el tiempo que duran estas demandas de agua. Por eso es muy importante acudir a un especialista para evaluar esta relación costo-beneficio.


Personalmente me he encontrado con varios usuarios que no tienen bien claras las bondades de un sistema de velocidad variable. Recuerdo un cliente en específico que no quería velocidad variable para su sistema de bombeo (a pesar de que era una aplicación idónea) porque creía que los armónicos generados por los variadores le generarían problemas en otras máquinas y terminaría con un consumo más alto en lugar de un ahorro. Evidentemente había tenido malas experiencias con sistemas mal instalados en el pasado, y no había manera de hacerle ver que su falsa percepción sobre los sistemas de velocidad variable se debía a instalaciones deficientes, o incluso a el uso de estas tecnologías cuando no lo requería.

Hay mucha gente que tiene cierto miedo a las nuevas tecnologías, y nuestra labor como ingenieros no es convencer, sino ayudar a entender a los usuarios que bien aplicadas éstas pueden generar inmensos ahorros energéticos, con un impacto ecológico positivo que ya no es un lujo sino una responsabilidad.

E. L.
Experto en sistemas de bombeo – BombasMX

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